Hardware engineering is a branch of engineering focused on designing, developing, and testing physical components of computer systems and electronic devices. This includes everything from circuit boards and processors to memory devices and peripherals. Hardware engineers work to ensure that these components function efficiently and reliably. In addition to design, hardware engineering involves troubleshooting and improving existing hardware. Engineers often collaborate with software developers to ensure that the hardware and software work seamlessly together. Key tools in this field include computer-aided design (CAD) software and various testing equipment to validate performance and durability.