File permissions are settings that determine who can access and modify files on a computer or network. They control actions like reading, writing, and executing files. Each file has associated permissions that specify whether a user can view, change, or run the file. These permissions help protect sensitive information and maintain system security. In many operating systems, such as Linux and Windows, file permissions are assigned to three categories: owner, group, and others. The owner is typically the person who created the file, while the group includes users with similar access needs. Others refer to everyone else who may try to access the file.