Factoring is the process of breaking down a number or an expression into its smaller components, called factors. For example, the number 12 can be factored into 3 and 4, since 3 × 4 = 12. In algebra, factoring involves rewriting expressions, like turning x² - 5x + 6 into (x - 2)(x - 3). This helps simplify problems and solve equations more easily. Factoring is useful in various areas of math, including solving quadratic equations and simplifying fractions. It also plays a crucial role in polynomial functions, where finding the roots or zeros of the function can be achieved through factoring. Understanding this concept can greatly enhance problem-solving skills in mathematics.