An empress is a female ruler of an empire, often holding the highest authority in a monarchy. Empresses can govern independently or alongside an emperor, who is typically their male counterpart. They have played significant roles in history, influencing politics, culture, and society within their realms. Throughout history, notable empresses like Catherine the Great of Russia and Empress Dowager Cixi of China have shaped their nations' destinies. Empresses often wielded power through marriage alliances, inheritance, or military leadership, and their reigns can be marked by both prosperity and conflict, reflecting the complexities of their times.