Electron heating refers to the process where electrons in a material gain energy, typically through interactions with external fields or particles. This increase in energy can lead to higher temperatures within the material, affecting its electrical and thermal properties. Electron heating is commonly observed in plasmas, semiconductors, and during certain types of laser interactions. In many applications, such as in fusion reactors or semiconductor devices, controlling electron heating is crucial for optimizing performance. Understanding this phenomenon helps scientists and engineers design better systems for energy production, electronics, and various technological advancements.