Demography is the statistical study of populations, focusing on their size, distribution, and trends over time. It examines various factors such as birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, and age structures. Demographers use this information to understand how populations change and to predict future trends. This field is essential for planning in areas like healthcare, education, and urban development. By analyzing demographic data, governments and organizations can make informed decisions to address the needs of different groups, such as children, elderly, and immigrants, ensuring resources are allocated effectively.