A data model is a conceptual framework that organizes and defines how data is structured, stored, and accessed. It provides a blueprint for designing databases, ensuring that data is consistent and easily retrievable. Common types of data models include relational models, hierarchical models, and object-oriented models, each serving different needs and applications. Data models help in visualizing data relationships and constraints, making it easier for developers and analysts to understand the data's purpose. They are essential in database management systems like SQL and NoSQL, guiding the creation of efficient and effective data storage solutions.