A data model is a conceptual framework that organizes and defines how data is structured, stored, and accessed. It provides a blueprint for designing databases, ensuring that data is represented in a way that is understandable and usable. Common types of data models include relational models, hierarchical models, and object-oriented models. Data models help in establishing relationships between different data elements, making it easier to retrieve and manipulate information. They are essential for database management systems like MySQL or Oracle, as they guide the creation of tables, fields, and the connections between them, ultimately supporting efficient data management and analysis.