The cowpox virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, primarily found in cattle and other animals. It causes a mild disease characterized by lesions on the skin. Humans can contract cowpox through direct contact with infected animals, leading to similar skin lesions, but the infection is usually not severe. Historically, the cowpox virus played a crucial role in the development of the smallpox vaccine. In the late 18th century, Edward Jenner discovered that exposure to cowpox could provide immunity against smallpox, a much deadlier disease. This groundbreaking work laid the foundation for modern vaccination practices.