Computer architecture refers to the design and organization of a computer's components and systems. It encompasses the structure of the hardware, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices. This architecture determines how these components interact and work together to execute instructions and process data. Different types of computer architectures exist, such as von Neumann and Harvard architectures, each with unique characteristics. The von Neumann architecture uses a single memory space for both instructions and data, while the Harvard architecture has separate memory spaces. Understanding computer architecture is essential for optimizing performance and developing efficient software.