Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. They occur when our brains use shortcuts to process information, leading to errors in thinking. These biases can affect decision-making, perception, and memory, often resulting in illogical conclusions or beliefs. Common examples of cognitive biases include the confirmation bias, where individuals favor information that confirms their existing beliefs, and the anchoring effect, where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they encounter. Understanding these biases can help improve critical thinking and decision-making skills.