Characterization is the process by which an author reveals the traits, motivations, and personalities of characters in a story. This can be done through direct characterization, where the author explicitly describes a character's qualities, or through indirect characterization, where the character's traits are revealed through their actions, dialogue, and interactions with others. Effective characterization helps readers connect with characters and understand their roles within the narrative. It can involve physical descriptions, emotional responses, and backstory, allowing readers to form a deeper understanding of characters like Harry Potter or Elizabeth Bennet and their journeys throughout the story.