Camptothecin is a natural alkaloid derived from the bark of the Camptotheca acuminata tree, native to China. It was first discovered in the 1960s and is known for its ability to inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase I, which plays a crucial role in DNA replication and repair. This inhibition can lead to cancer cell death, making camptothecin a subject of interest in cancer research. Due to its potent anti-cancer properties, camptothecin has inspired the development of several derivatives, such as irinotecan and topotecan, which are used in chemotherapy treatments for various cancers. These derivatives aim to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects associated with camptothecin.