Calculating pH involves measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where a pH of 7 is considered neutral. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, while those above 7 are basic or alkaline. The formula to calculate pH is pH = -log[H+], where [H+] represents the molarity of hydrogen ions. To determine the pH of a solution, you can use pH indicators, pH meters, or titration methods. pH indicators are substances that change color at specific pH levels, while pH meters provide a digital reading. Titration involves adding a base or acid to a solution until the desired pH is reached.