"Autonomy vs. shame and doubt" is a stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, typically occurring between the ages of 1 and 3 years. During this stage, children begin to assert their independence by exploring their environment and making choices. Successful navigation of this stage leads to a sense of autonomy, where children feel confident in their abilities and decisions. Conversely, if children are overly controlled or criticized, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their capabilities. This can hinder their self-esteem and willingness to explore, impacting their overall development and future interactions with the world around them.