Altered states of consciousness refer to mental states that differ significantly from normal waking consciousness. These states can occur naturally, such as during sleep or dreaming, or can be induced through various methods, including meditation, hypnosis, or the use of substances like psychedelics. In altered states, individuals may experience changes in perception, emotion, thought processes, and self-awareness. These experiences can lead to heightened creativity, relaxation, or even spiritual insights, but they can also result in confusion or disorientation. Understanding these states can provide insights into the workings of the human mind and consciousness.