Vroom's Expectancy Theory is a psychological framework that explains how individuals make decisions based on their expectations of outcomes. It suggests that people are motivated to act in a certain way if they believe their efforts will lead to desired results. The theory is based on three key components: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy refers to the belief that effort will lead to performance, instrumentality is the belief that performance will lead to rewards, and valence is the value an individual places on those rewards. This theory emphasizes that motivation is not just about the rewards themselves but also about the perceived likelihood of achieving them. For example, if an employee believes that working harder will result in a promotion and values that promotion highly, they are more likely to be motivated to put in the effort. Understanding these components can help organizations enhance employee motivation and performance by aligning efforts with desired outcomes.