Voltage ripple refers to the small, unwanted fluctuations in voltage that occur in electrical systems, particularly in power supplies. These fluctuations can happen when converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), often due to incomplete filtering. Voltage ripple can affect the performance of electronic devices, leading to inefficiencies or malfunctions. To minimize voltage ripple, engineers use components like capacitors and inductors in power supply circuits. These components help smooth out the voltage by storing and releasing energy, thereby reducing the amplitude of the fluctuations. Proper design and filtering techniques are essential for ensuring stable voltage levels in electronic applications.