Vertebral structures refer to the individual bones that make up the spine, known as vertebrae. Each vertebra consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and various processes that provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments. The spine is divided into regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal, each serving specific functions and supporting different parts of the body. The vertebrae protect the spinal cord, which runs through the vertebral foramen, a central opening in each vertebra. They also allow for flexibility and movement of the back while maintaining stability. Intervertebral discs, made of cartilage, cushion the vertebrae and absorb shock during activities.