Urban challenges refer to the various issues that cities face as they grow and develop. These challenges include overcrowding, which can lead to inadequate housing and increased traffic congestion. Additionally, cities often struggle with pollution, affecting air and water quality, and can create health problems for residents. Another significant challenge is the provision of essential services, such as public transportation, healthcare, and education. As urban populations rise, ensuring that these services are accessible and efficient becomes increasingly difficult. Moreover, cities must address social inequalities, as marginalized communities may lack access to resources and opportunities.