Unconventional oil and gas refer to hydrocarbon resources that are extracted using methods different from traditional drilling. These resources include shale oil, tight gas, and oil sands, which are often found in rock formations that require advanced techniques like hydraulic fracturing or horizontal drilling to access. The extraction of unconventional oil and gas has significantly increased global energy supplies, particularly in regions like the United States and Canada. While these methods can boost energy independence, they also raise environmental concerns, such as water usage and potential contamination, prompting ongoing debates about their sustainability and impact.