The Trans-Saharan trade routes were a network of trade paths that connected North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa. These routes facilitated the exchange of goods such as gold, salt, ivory, and slaves. Caravans, often led by Berber traders, traveled across the harsh desert landscape, using camels to transport their cargo. The trade routes flourished from the 8th century to the 16th century, significantly impacting the economies and cultures of the regions involved. Major cities like Timbuktu and Gao became important trade hubs, attracting scholars and merchants, and contributing to the spread of Islam and knowledge across the continent.