The Trans-Saharan Trade Route was a network of trade paths that connected North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa. It facilitated the exchange of goods such as gold, salt, and textiles, playing a crucial role in the economies of various regions. Caravans, often led by Berber traders, traversed the harsh Sahara Desert, overcoming challenges like extreme temperatures and scarce water sources. This trade route also contributed to cultural exchanges, spreading ideas, religions, and technologies between different civilizations. Notable cities like Timbuktu and Gao became important trade hubs, attracting scholars and merchants from across the Islamic world and beyond.