Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) are essential components used in spacecraft and high-speed vehicles to shield them from extreme temperatures during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere or when traveling at high speeds. These systems are designed to absorb, reflect, or dissipate heat generated by friction and atmospheric pressure, ensuring the safety of both the vehicle and its occupants. Materials used in TPS include heat-resistant ceramics, ablative materials, and insulation layers. For example, the Space Shuttle utilized a TPS made of tiles and reinforced carbon-carbon to protect against intense heat. Effective TPS is crucial for the success of missions, as it prevents structural damage and maintains operational integrity.