Thermal fatigue is a type of material failure that occurs when a material is repeatedly subjected to temperature changes. These fluctuations can cause the material to expand and contract, leading to the development of cracks over time. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in engineering and manufacturing, where components are exposed to varying heat levels. Commonly seen in metals and ceramics, thermal fatigue can significantly impact the lifespan and reliability of products like engines and turbines. Understanding thermal fatigue is essential for designing materials that can withstand extreme temperature variations without failing.