The "Missionaries and Cannibals Problem" is a classic puzzle in the field of artificial intelligence and problem-solving. It involves three missionaries and three cannibals who need to cross a river using a boat that can carry only two people at a time. The challenge arises because if at any point the cannibals outnumber the missionaries on either side of the river, the cannibals will eat the missionaries. To solve the problem, one must find a sequence of moves that ensures all individuals safely cross the river without violating the safety condition. This puzzle illustrates concepts in state space search and is often used to teach problem-solving strategies in computer science and mathematics.