"The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat" is a collection of case studies by neurologist Oliver Sacks. The book explores various neurological disorders through the stories of patients, highlighting the complexities of the human brain and perception. One notable case is that of a man who, due to a neurological condition, confuses his wife with a hat. This illustrates how brain damage can alter perception and identity, leading to profound misunderstandings of reality. Sacks uses these narratives to shed light on the intricacies of the mind and the impact of neurological conditions on everyday life.