The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity in Central Europe that existed from 800 to 1806. It was established when Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by the Pope, symbolizing the connection between the church and the state. The empire included various territories, such as modern-day Germany, Austria, and parts of Italy and France, and was characterized by a decentralized structure with many semi-autonomous regions. The empire was governed by an elected emperor, but real power often lay with local princes and bishops. It played a significant role in European history, influencing politics, culture, and religion, particularly during the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War.