Testing methodologies are systematic approaches used to evaluate the functionality and performance of software applications. They help ensure that the software meets specified requirements and is free of defects. Common methodologies include Agile, Waterfall, and V-Model, each offering unique processes and benefits depending on the project needs. These methodologies can be broadly categorized into manual and automated testing. Manual testing involves human testers executing test cases without automation tools, while automated testing uses scripts and software tools to perform tests. Both approaches are essential for delivering high-quality software products.