Table elements are the building blocks of a table in HTML, which is used to display data in a structured format. The main elements include the table tag, which defines the table itself, the tr tag for table rows, the th tag for header cells, and the td tag for standard data cells. These elements work together to organize information in a grid-like layout. Each table can also include optional elements like the caption tag for a title, and the thead, tbody, and tfoot tags to group header, body, and footer content, respectively. This structure helps improve readability and accessibility for users and search engines alike.