Synchronization techniques are methods used in computing and communication to ensure that multiple processes or threads operate in a coordinated manner. These techniques help prevent conflicts and data inconsistencies when multiple entities access shared resources, such as memory or files. Common synchronization methods include mutexes, semaphores, and locks, which control access to resources and ensure that only one process can modify data at a time. In addition to these methods, barriers and condition variables are also used to synchronize processes. Barriers allow processes to wait until all participants reach a certain point before proceeding, while condition variables enable processes to wait for specific conditions to be met before continuing execution. These techniques are essential for maintaining data integrity and improving the efficiency of concurrent systems.