Submarine infrastructure refers to the systems and structures located beneath the ocean's surface. This includes underwater cables, pipelines, and tunnels that facilitate communication, transportation, and energy transfer. These components are essential for connecting continents and supporting global trade and communication networks. Additionally, submarine infrastructure plays a crucial role in the oil and gas industry, where pipelines transport resources from offshore drilling sites to land. It also includes facilities for research and exploration, such as submarine research stations and underwater habitats, which help scientists study marine environments and ecosystems.