A stethoscope is a medical instrument used by healthcare professionals to listen to internal sounds of a patient's body, primarily the heart and lungs. It consists of a long tube connected to a chest piece, which has one or two microphones that amplify sounds. This tool helps doctors and nurses assess a patient's health by detecting abnormalities in heartbeats or breathing patterns. The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by René Laennec, a French physician. It has since become an essential tool in medicine, allowing for non-invasive examinations. Variations of the stethoscope include electronic models that enhance sound quality and provide additional features for monitoring vital signs.