A square lattice is a two-dimensional geometric arrangement where points are positioned at the intersections of a grid formed by equally spaced horizontal and vertical lines. Each point in the lattice can be identified by a pair of coordinates, typically represented as (x, y). This structure is fundamental in various fields, including physics, materials science, and computer graphics. In mathematics, square lattices are often studied in the context of crystallography and graph theory. They serve as a model for understanding periodic structures and can be used to analyze properties like symmetry and connectivity. The simplicity of the square lattice makes it a useful tool for visualizing complex systems.