Special courts-martial are military tribunals designed to handle less serious offenses compared to general courts-martial. They can adjudicate cases involving minor crimes or misconduct by members of the U.S. Armed Forces. The proceedings are typically less formal, and the maximum punishment is limited, often resulting in confinement for up to one year. These courts consist of a military judge and a panel of at least three members, who are usually officers. Special courts-martial provide a fair trial process while ensuring discipline within the military ranks, balancing the need for justice with the unique requirements of military service.