Special constants are specific numerical values that have unique significance in mathematics and science. Examples include π (pi), which represents the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, and e, the base of natural logarithms, approximately equal to 2.718. These constants often appear in various mathematical equations and formulas, making them essential for calculations in geometry, calculus, and other fields. In addition to π and e, other special constants like the golden ratio (approximately 1.618) and Euler's constant (approximately 0.577) also play important roles in mathematics. These constants help simplify complex problems and provide solutions in areas such as number theory, physics, and engineering.