Spacecraft instrumentation refers to the various tools and devices used on spacecraft to collect data and monitor conditions in space. These instruments can measure a wide range of parameters, including temperature, pressure, radiation levels, and the composition of celestial bodies. They are essential for scientific research and help engineers ensure the spacecraft operates effectively. Common types of spacecraft instruments include cameras, spectrometers, and radiometers. Cameras capture images of planets and stars, while spectrometers analyze light to determine the chemical makeup of materials. Radiometers measure electromagnetic radiation, providing insights into the environment of space and planetary atmospheres.