Soyuz TMA is a series of crewed spacecraft developed by Russia to transport astronauts to and from the International Space Station (ISS). The TMA variant, which stands for "Transport Model A," was designed to improve safety and comfort for its crew, featuring upgraded life support systems and enhanced avionics. The first Soyuz TMA mission launched in 2002, and the spacecraft can carry up to three astronauts. It has played a crucial role in maintaining human presence in space, facilitating scientific research aboard the ISS, and supporting international cooperation in space exploration.