Soviet policies were primarily shaped by the principles of Marxism-Leninism, which aimed to establish a classless society through state control of the economy and resources. Key policies included the nationalization of industries, collectivization of agriculture, and central planning, which sought to eliminate private ownership and promote state-run enterprises. Under leaders like Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union implemented policies that emphasized rapid industrialization and agricultural reform. This often involved harsh measures, such as forced labor and repression of dissent, to achieve economic goals. These policies significantly transformed Soviet society but also led to widespread hardship and suffering.