Southeast Asian history is marked by the rise and fall of various kingdoms and empires, such as the Srivijaya and Majapahit. These states were influential in trade, culture, and the spread of religions like Buddhism and Islam. The region's strategic location along trade routes contributed to its diverse cultural and ethnic landscape. Colonialism significantly impacted Southeast Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries, with countries like Indonesia and Vietnam experiencing European domination. The struggle for independence led to significant political changes, resulting in the formation of modern nations such as Thailand, Malaysia, and Philippines.