Smart pointers are advanced data structures in programming that help manage memory automatically. Unlike regular pointers, which require manual memory management, smart pointers keep track of the memory they own and automatically release it when it's no longer needed. This reduces the risk of memory leaks and dangling pointers, making programs safer and more efficient. There are several types of smart pointers, including std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, and std::weak_ptr in C++. Each type serves a different purpose, such as ensuring exclusive ownership or allowing shared ownership among multiple pointers. By using smart pointers, developers can write cleaner and more reliable code.