Shielding materials are substances designed to protect against various forms of radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and neutrons. These materials can absorb or deflect radiation, reducing exposure to harmful levels. Common shielding materials include lead, concrete, and water, each chosen based on the type and energy of the radiation being shielded. The effectiveness of shielding materials depends on their thickness and density. For instance, lead is often used in medical settings to shield against X-rays due to its high density, while concrete is frequently used in nuclear facilities to protect against gamma radiation. Proper selection and application of these materials are crucial for safety in environments where radiation is present.