Security vulnerabilities are weaknesses in a system, application, or network that can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access or cause harm. These vulnerabilities can arise from various sources, including software bugs, misconfigurations, or outdated systems. When exploited, they can lead to data breaches, loss of sensitive information, or disruption of services. Organizations must regularly assess their systems for potential vulnerabilities and apply security patches or updates to mitigate risks. Tools like firewalls and antivirus software can help protect against attacks, but user awareness and best practices are also crucial in maintaining overall security.