In music, scales are sequences of notes arranged in ascending or descending order. They serve as the foundation for melodies and harmonies. The most common scale is the major scale, which has a happy sound, while the minor scale often conveys a sadder tone. Each scale consists of specific intervals between notes, creating a unique sound. Modes are variations of scales that start on different notes within the same scale. For example, the Dorian mode is derived from the major scale but starts on the second note, giving it a distinct character. Each mode has its own mood and can be used to create diverse musical styles.