Saponification is a chemical process that occurs when fats or oils react with an alkali, typically sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This reaction produces soap and glycerol. The fats or oils are made up of triglycerides, which are broken down during saponification to form fatty acid salts, the main component of soap. In practical terms, saponification is used in the production of various types of soap, both for personal hygiene and household cleaning. The process can be done through cold or hot methods, allowing for different textures and qualities of soap. Proper measurements and safety precautions are essential during saponification to ensure a successful outcome.