Russian fortifications refer to military structures built to protect strategic locations and military assets throughout Russia's history. These fortifications include walls, bastions, and watchtowers, often constructed using local materials. Notable examples include the Kremlin in Moscow and the Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg, which served both defensive and administrative purposes. Throughout the centuries, Russian fortifications evolved in response to changing warfare techniques and technologies. The use of earthworks, stone, and later, reinforced concrete, allowed for more resilient structures. Many fortifications played crucial roles during conflicts, such as the Great Northern War and World War II, showcasing their importance in Russian military strategy.