Rudolf II was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1576 until 1612. He was known for his patronage of the arts and sciences, which helped to foster the Prague cultural scene during the Renaissance. His court attracted many artists, including the famous painter Giuseppe Arcimboldo and astronomer Tycho Brahe. Rudolf's reign was marked by political instability and religious conflict, particularly during the Thirty Years' War. He struggled to maintain control over his diverse empire, which included various ethnic and religious groups. Ultimately, his inability to effectively govern led to his deposition in favor of his brother, Matthias.