Reproductive physiology is the study of the biological processes involved in reproduction. It encompasses the functions of the reproductive organs, hormones, and gametes, which are the sperm in males and eggs in females. This field examines how these components interact to enable fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth. In humans, reproductive physiology also includes the menstrual cycle in females and spermatogenesis in males. Hormones such as estrogen and testosterone play crucial roles in regulating these processes. Understanding reproductive physiology is essential for addressing issues related to fertility, contraception, and reproductive health.