Quantum gates are the fundamental building blocks of quantum computing, similar to classical logic gates in traditional computers. They manipulate quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to the principle of superposition. This allows quantum gates to perform complex calculations more efficiently than classical gates. Each quantum gate operates on one or more qubits, changing their states through specific mathematical operations. Common types of quantum gates include the Hadamard gate, which creates superposition, and the CNOT gate, which entangles qubits. Together, these gates enable quantum algorithms to solve problems that are currently intractable for classical computers.