Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that play a crucial role in cell growth and division. They help regulate various cellular functions, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation. When functioning properly, proto-oncogenes contribute to normal cellular processes. However, mutations or changes in proto-oncogenes can convert them into oncogenes, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer. This transformation can occur due to various factors, such as environmental influences or inherited genetic mutations. Understanding proto-oncogenes is essential for cancer research and developing targeted therapies.